Voluntades anticipadas: desafíos éticos en el cuidado del paciente Diretivas antecipadas de vontade: desafios éticos no cuidado do paciente Advance healthcare directives are intended for the individual to personally express their will and preferences about healthcare and treatment ahead of time. This literature review aims to describe the concept and structure of advance directives and the ethical aspects involved in patient care. Using the keywords “Advance Healthcare Directive” AND “Ethical Implication” and its Spanish equivalents, five databases were accessed: ProQuest, Philosophy, (...) PubMed, Web of Science and Scielo. Publications were narrowed down to the 2010-2018 period. Thirty-one articles were obtained and read critically. Results of this review were grouped into the following categories: concept, structure, clinical situations in which advance directives apply, strengths and limitations, as well as the ethical aspects involved. End of life-related experiences in which a person loses their ability to make decisions and cannot express their wishes, so it is impossible to know their will, are more common nowadays. Most health workers are not appropriately trained in the preparation and application of advance directives, which becomes an opportunity to research and delve deeper into the subject. Advance directives are a tool that gives health workers reliable information on a patient’s values and wishes, so it is vital to train them to provide respectful quality care. Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Forero J, Vargas I, Bernales M. Voluntades anticipadas: desafíos éticos en el cuidado del paciente. Pers Bioet. 2019;23:224-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2019.23.2.5 Recibido: 26/01/2019 Aceptado: 22/08/2019. (shrink)

In Spanish early modernity, a theatre genre deeply embedded in Catholic material religion and cult of images rose to popularity and saw an aesthetic proliferation, while iconoclast tendencies in the north-west dominated a fundamental change in media and representation culture. During Corpus Christi celebrations, the so-called auto sacramentales – a form of liturgical drama descending from medieval mummery and morality plays – addressed the staging of the Eucharistic miracle. This essay explores how ritual and theatre, as forms of cultural performance, (...) share a common nucleus that also applies to walking ceremonies with images. Likewise, sacramental drama in its liminality can only be explained with reference to its pragmatic religious context in Eucharistic ritual and processions. A juxtaposition of the poetics of transubstantiation in allegorical performance and the mediation of Eucharistic and image presence in Corpus processions aims to differentiate the varieties of presence in sacramental theatre. (shrink)

Background: In the last decades, there have been important developments in the scientific and technological areas of healthcare. On certain occasions this provokes conflict between the patients' rights and the values of healthcare professionals which brings about, within this clinical relationship, the problem of conscientious objection. Aims: To learn the opinions that the Nurses of the Madrid Autonomous Community have regarding conscientious objection. Research design: Cross-cutting descriptive study. Participants and research context: The nurses of 9 hospitals and 12 Health Centers (...) in the Madrid Autonomous Community. The study was done by means of an auto completed anonymous questionnaire. The variables studied were social-demographical and their opinions about conscientious objections. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Ethical Community of Clinical Research of the University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias. Participants were assured of maximum confidentiality and anonymity. Findings: A total of 421 nurses answered the questionnaire. In total, 55.6% of the nurses confirmed they were religious believers, and 64.3% declared having poor knowledge regarding conscientious objection. The matters that caused the greatest objections were voluntary abortions, genetic embryo selection, refusal of blood transfusions, and therapy refusal. Discussion: Different authors state that the most significant cases of conscientious objections for health professionals are those regarding carrying out or assisting in abortions, euthanasia, the practice of assisted reproduction and, finally, the prescription and dispensing of the morning-after pill. In our study, the most significant cases in which the nurses would declare conscientious objections would be the refusal to accept treatment, the selection of embryos after genetic diagnosis preimplantation, the patient’s refusal to receive blood transfusions due to religious reasons and pregnant women’s request for voluntary abortions within the first 14 weeks. Conclusion: Nurses’ religious beliefs influence their opinions regarding conscientious objection. The nurses who declare themselves as religious believers object in a higher percentage than those without religious beliefs. (shrink)

Good academic practice is more than the avoidance of clear-cut cheating. It also involves navigation of the gray zones between cheating and good practice. The existing literature has left students’ understanding of gray zone practices largely unexplored. To begin filling in this gap, we present results from a questionnaire study involving N = 1639 undergraduate students from seven European countries representing all major disciplines. We show that large numbers of these students are unable to identify gray area issues and lack (...) sensitivity to the context dependence of these. We also show that a considerable proportion of students have a poor understanding of concepts like plagiarism and falsification, not only in gray zone scenarios, but also in cases of relatively clear-cut cheating. Our results are similar across the faculties and countries of study, and even for students who have attended academic integrity training. We discuss the implications of this for academic integrity training. (shrink)

This paper describes the content and evolution of a fourth-year course for medical students on teaching pathographies of mental illness. (It is a follow-up to Nathan Carlin’s Pathographies of Mental Illness that appeared as an Element in the Bioethics and Neuroethics series published by Cambridge University Press.) The course originally centered on classic (and some contemporary) memoirs; however, responding to student evaluations, newer material now ensures more diversity, with material written by women and people of color, and describes the difference (...) that can make. (shrink)

Resilience and digital skills could be considered necessary competencies for the individual of the twenty-first century, which the current social reality suggests. For this reason we carried out a research in the institution of higher education -IES- Corporación Escuela Tecnológica del Oriente, of Bucaramanga-Colombia, which had a dual purpose: to describe resilience and digital competence in 356 of its students and establish a comparison between the values of these two aspects and those reported in other HEIs in Mexico, using a (...) quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional design and descriptive scope approach, the SV-RES Resilience Scale instrument and a Questionnaire for the study of the Digital Competence of Higher Education Students. (shrink)

Los autores hacen un repaso de los diferentes elementos que han contribuido a que la imparable evolución de las bibliotecas universitarias haya sido posible. La propia evolución de las instituciones de las que forman parte y el crecimiento económico de las diferentes áreas de investigación han favorecido dicho desarrollo. Se analizan la organización y los recursos humanos, la colección, los presupuestos y los edificios, el grado de automatización e implantación de nuevas tecnologías y los servicios que prestan a sus usuarios. (...) Atención especial merece el apartado dedicado a la cooperación a nivel nacional. Finalmente se avanzan cuáles son los retos y problemas a los que se enfrentan las bibliotecas universitarias de cara al 2000, cuya definición viene dada como resultado de una encuesta dirigida a todas ellas y de la que se concluye que la calidad y el liderazgo en la institución son principales motivos de preocupación para los profesionales. (shrink)

The topos of jews’ blindness, recurrent in adversos iudaeos literature, embodies in the image of blindfold Synagoga in medieval visual arts. The first part of this paper focuses on its integration in different contexts of medieval Spanish art. Diferent, but not less interesting, is the way caecitatis iudeorum is illustrated in some illuminated manuscripts of Breviari d’Amor by Matfre Ermengaud and Fortalitium Fidei by Alonso de Espina, also subject of study throughout these pages.

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio sobre la existencia de sesgos de género en la educación científico-tecnológica. En él se pretende demostrar con datos la existencia de creencias estereotipadas acerca de los géneros en el profesorado de ciencia y tecnología de la universidad y de la enseñanza secundaria. De esta manera se quiere establecer si lo que afirman ciertas disciplinas científicas acerca de las capacidades cognitivas, destrezas actitudes y comportamientos de las mujeres se transmite en la (...) enseñanza de la ciencia y la tecnología, y si se perpetúan así los sesgos de género presentes en estas disciplinas a través de la formación de las nuevas generaciones de científicos/as y tecnólogos/as. Este estudio se ha realizado en la Universidad de La Laguna y los institutos de enseñanza secundaria de Tenerife, pero creemos que los resultados obtenidos podrían ser generalizados a las universidades e institutos del resto de España. (shrink)

Los actuales avances en tecnología biomédica han alcanzado resultados hasta ahora inimaginables, tanto en la terapia de enfermedades como en el perfeccionamiento de la especie humana. Es necesario plantearse si el deseo de perfección posee límites precisos, y si es necesario aplicar un principio limitador que garantice el respeto de la naturaleza humana e impida la asunción de riesgos que puedan afectar a generaciones futuras. El principio de precaución se presenta como elemento racionalizador frente a cualquier intento de un progreso (...) ciego o despótico. Pero dicho principio puede derivar hacia concepciones confusas cuando se desliga de su componente constitutivo: la virtud de la prudencia. (shrink)

Assume que o estudo da produção científica pode oferecer entendimento sobre os temas abordados, tendências da comunidade, autores mais citados, indicação de maturação da área e consolidação ou silenciamento da área. Tem como objetivo mapear como a Filosofia está contida na Ciência da Informação brasileira. Coleta os dados dos artigos científicos publicados entre 1972 e 2018 na Coleção de Publicações Brasileiras em Ciência da Informação - BRAPCI. Analisa uma amostra de 300 artigos e deriva algumas questões descritivas. Conclui que a (...) Ciência da Informação brasileira mantém um discurso filosófico ocidental canônico com uso equilibrado de autores e principais correntes filosóficas. Não aponta ao uso de pensadores e temas periféricos. Propõe a continuidade desse tipo de pesquisa para incentivar debates sobre uma relação interdisciplinar saudável entre Ciência da Informação e Filosofia. (shrink)

Pressupõe que boa parte dos estudantes universitários na atualidade demonstra dificuldade ou resistência no modo de entender o debate conceitual documento e arquivo e a sua relação com a práxis científica. O pressuposto está baseado na observação e no diálogo em sala nas disciplinas sobre pesquisa, ciência e filosofia ofertadas nos Cursos de Graduação em Biblioteconomia e de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Este artigo tem como objetivo propor um debate conceitual sobre arquivos a partir (...) de Michel Foucault e com algumas referências das áreas supracitadas. O procedimento metodológico foi exploratório e bibliográfico. Conclui que o senso comum estudantil não concebe o fazer científico com o debate conceitual. Colabora com a produção de bibliografia didático-teórica para uso dos estudantes. Põe em prática certa versão de confrontamento de conceitos que possam ser esboçadas, compartilhadas e debatidas, pois disso trata o arquivo, propriamente dito. (shrink)

Here we defend the view that one ought to categorize and classify at least some mental disorders as clusters of interrelated dysfunctions of (usually, several) cognitive capacities – that is, the kinds of capacities that are postulated in cognitive science; capacities that are understood as entities that are primarily individuated in cognitive-functional terms (CF-systems); systems that have a set of peculiar properties in their manner of operation when processing information or representations. Usually, some of the mental disorders postulated in psychiatry (...) are clinically heterogeneous with respect to their symptoms, and tend to be comorbid – that is, one disorder is often accompanied by other disorders – for example, schizophrenia often comes with major depression. We argue that describing the manner in which CF-systems operate within themselves and with other CF-systems as well as with stimuli and other kinds of information can best explain why certain mental disorders are very heterogeneous with respect to their symptoms, and why comorbidity is so frequent among these disorders. A consequence is that both within-category heterogeneity and comorbodity are not necessarily indications of defective classifications but are rather a consequence of the actual cognitive functional architecture itself and are therefore to be expected in these cases. (shrink)

La aparición de un nuevo consenso internacional en torno a las nociones de derechos humanos y democracia, como valores generalmente aceptados por la comunidad de naciones en su conjunto, y la afirmación de que el ser humano es titular de derechos propios, oponibles jurídicamente a todos los Estados, constituyen extraordinarias innovaciones que hacen que, a diferencia del Derecho internacional clásico, la persona no pueda seguir siendo considerada como un mero objeto del Derecho internacional.

Este artículo tiene el objetivo de plantear un debate conceptual sobre la memoria, como motivación principal para la conservación y restauración urbana arquitectónica en el ámbito académico. El objeto testimonio de la memoria se estudia en dos escalas: la urbana y la arquitectónica. A partir del análisis de la memoria histórica, como motivador principal, se busca la necesidad de conservar el objeto testimonio considerando el mensaje inherente, proponiendo fundamentos que justifiquen la copia y la clonación. Ambos conceptos opuestos a la (...) tradición de conservar: la autenticidad y lo original. El planteamiento consiste en proporcionar alternativas y parámetros contemporáneos para los nuevos restauradores y conservadores patrimoniales. La memoria radica en el objeto, por la idea generada desde la forma y no en el material considerado insustituible. (shrink)

This paper is a study of the theoretical framework employed in the study of the social representation of lower class housing constructed by theVenezuelan government, and refers to institutional discourse. In the study, the importance of the rationality of the capitalist state in relation to the co..

Sin lugar a dudas, los problemas que enfrenta hoy la humanidad, no son los mismos que enfrentamos en el siglo XIX. Una revisión somera de la prensa de cada país nos muestra en el acto una serie de fenómenos que, queramos o no, nos tocan a todos, son universales. Son fenómenos o problemas que se caracterizan por dos asuntos: primero, son enormes, es decir, están por fuera de las normas conocidas y por mucho que lo intentemos no los podemos reducir. (...) Segundo, al analizarlos empezamos a notar que se interconectan con otra serie de problemas o asuntos, es decir, se muestran en toda su complejidad. (shrink)

Jürgen Habermas es hoy el tipo de filósofo que no necesita presentación. Su extensa y conocidaobra, empezada a desarrollar en forma sistemática a mediados de la década del60, cuando apenas contaba con 35 años, ha sido reflejo del espíritu de la época. Polémico, analista de primera mano de lo que sucede y de lo que se dice en Alemania y el mundo, es el tipo de filósofo «que va a la plaza de mercado», es decir, que no concibe la filosoña (...) como un metadiscurso propio de mandarines elegidos que encuentran la esencia de las cosas. Por el contrario, la filosoña es. para él la posibilidad de aclarar la acción cotidiana. (shrink)